無論何(he)種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，其(qi)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)結構(gou)均由兩部分(fen)構(gou)成(cheng)。分(fen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)一(yi)端(duan)為(wei)(wei)非極親(qin)油的(de)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)基，有(you)(you)時也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)親(qin)油基；分(fen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)另一(yi)端(duan)為(wei)(wei)極性(xing)(xing)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)的(de)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)基，有(you)(you)時也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)疏(shu)油基或(huo)形象地稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)頭(tou)。兩類結構(gou)與性(xing)(xing)能截然相反的(de)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)碎片或(huo)基團分(fen)處于(yu)同一(yi)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)兩端(duan)并以化(hua)學鍵相連接，形成(cheng)了一(yi)種(zhong)不對稱(cheng)的(de)、極性(xing)(xing)的(de)結構(gou)，因而(er)賦予了該類特(te)殊分(fen)子(zi)(zi)既親(qin)水(shui)(shui)、又親(qin)油，但又不是(shi)整體親(qin)水(shui)(shui)或(huo)親(qin)油的(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)。表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)這種(zhong)特(te)有(you)(you)結構(gou)通常稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)“雙(shuang)親(qin)結構(gou)”(amphiphilic structure)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)因而(er)也(ye)常被(bei)稱(cheng)作“雙(shuang)親(qin)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)”。表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)可以用(yong)于(yu)制備酒(jiu)精飲(yin)料，例如啤酒(jiu)和葡萄酒(jiu)。湖北兩性(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)

表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史發(fa)展(zhan)，表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)和合(he)(he)成洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)形成一(yi)(yi)門工業(ye)得追溯(su)到(dao)本世(shi)紀30年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，以(yi)石(shi)油化工原料衍生的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)成表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)和洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)打(da)破了肥(fei)皂一(yi)(yi)統天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。經過(guo)60余年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，1995年(nian)(nian)世(shi)界洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)總產量(liang)(liang)達到(dao)4300萬(wan)噸，其中肥(fei)皂900萬(wan)噸。據**預測，全世(shi)界人口從2000年(nian)(nian)到(dao)2050年(nian)(nian)將(jiang)翻一(yi)(yi)番，洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)總量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)從5000萬(wan)噸增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)到(dao)12000萬(wan)噸，凈增(zeng)(zeng)1.4培，這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個令人鼓舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)數字(zi)。中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)和合(he)(he)成洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)工業(ye)起(qi)始于(yu)50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，盡管起(qi)步較(jiao)(jiao)晚，但發(fa)展(zhan)較(jiao)(jiao)快。1995年(nian)(nian)洗(xi)滌(di)用品總量(liang)(liang)已(yi)達到(dao)310萬(wan)噸，只次于(yu)美國，排名世(shi)界第二位。其中合(he)(he)成洗(xi)滌(di)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產量(liang)(liang)從1980年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)40萬(wan)噸上升到(dao)1995年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)230萬(wan)噸，凈增(zeng)(zeng)4.7倍，并以(yi)年(nian)(nian)平均增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)率大于(yu)10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。湖南氨基(ji)酸表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)用途表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)可以(yi)被(bei)用于(yu)制造環保產品、生物醫藥等產品。

通(tong)常而言，植(zhi)物油(you)或脂肪通(tong)常需要“高溫+非離子表(biao)面活(huo)性劑”或“高堿(jian)+離子表(biao)面活(huo)性劑”進行清洗(xi)(xi)。Do等研究了C10P18E2S/AOT復配體(ti)系對4種植(zhi)物油(you)芥(jie)(jie)花油(you)（熔點(dian)(dian)–10 ℃，甘油(you)三酯(zhi)）、椰(ye)子油(you)（熔點(dian)(dian)24.4 ℃，甘油(you)三酯(zhi)）、棕(zong)櫚仁油(you)（熔點(dian)(dian)28.6 ℃，甘油(you)三酯(zhi)）、荷(he)荷(he)芭油(you)（熔點(dian)(dian)9.7 ℃，蠟狀油(you)（Waxoil））的清洗(xi)(xi)效果。NaCl含(han)量(liang)為(wei)4%，復配體(ti)系（兩者摩爾比(bi)為(wei)0.24∶0.76）對芥(jie)(jie)花油(you)的洗(xi)(xi)油(you)率可達到95%，明(ming)顯低(di)(di)于單獨使用(yong)C14,15P8S時(shi)的NaCl含(han)量(liang)（14%）。在冷水洗(xi)(xi)滌中（低(di)(di)于油(you)污(wu)凝固點(dian)(dian)），低(di)(di)NaCl含(han)量(liang)（0.5%），復配體(ti)系比(bi)市購(gou)洗(xi)(xi)衣(yi)液表(biao)現出優異的去(qu)污(wu)性。[1]

表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)（surfactant），是(shi)指加入少(shao)量能(neng)使其溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)體系的(de)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)狀態發生明顯(xian)變化的(de)物質。具有固(gu)定的(de)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)親(qin)油(you)基(ji)團(tuan)，在溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)能(neng)定向排列。表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)分子結構具有兩(liang)(liang)親(qin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)：一端為(wei)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)，另一端為(wei)疏水(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)；親(qin)水(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)常為(wei)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)基(ji)團(tuan)，如羧酸、磺酸、硫酸、氨基(ji)或胺基(ji)及(ji)其鹽，羥基(ji)、酰胺基(ji)、醚鍵(jian)等也(ye)可作(zuo)為(wei)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)；而(er)疏水(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)常為(wei)非極性(xing)(xing)(xing)烴鏈，如8個碳原子以上(shang)烴鏈。表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分為(wei)離(li)(li)子型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)（包(bao)括陽離(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)與陰離(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)）、非離(li)(li)子型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、復配表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、其他(ta)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)等。表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)可以用于(yu)(yu)制備人(ren)造雪，用于(yu)(yu)滑雪場(chang)等場(chang)所。

表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要作用(yong)：泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)作用(yong)：泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)主(zhu)要是活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)定向吸(xi)附作用(yong)，是氣(qi)液兩相(xiang)間的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)張(zhang)力降低所致。一(yi)般低分子(zi)(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容易發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)，高(gao)分子(zi)(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)少，豆蔻酸黃發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較高(gao)，硬脂(zhi)酸鈉發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，陰(yin)(yin)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比非離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)好，如(ru)烷基(ji)苯磺酸鈉發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)很強。通常使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)穩定劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)醇酰胺(an)、羧基(ji)甲基(ji)纖維(wei)(wei)素等(deng)，泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)抑(yi)制劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)酸、脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)酸酯、聚醚等(deng)及其它非離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。非離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能夠促進纖維(wei)(wei)素酶水解(jie)(jie)，陰(yin)(yin)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)造成(cheng)酶活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)降低從而(er)抑(yi)制纖維(wei)(wei)素酶水解(jie)(jie)。合適的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能夠增加木質纖維(wei)(wei)原料生(sheng)物(wu)轉化(hua)效率(lv)，有利于纖維(wei)(wei)素酶的(de)(de)回收(shou)，減(jian)少酶用(yong)量。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可以用(yong)于制備人造細胞(bao)膜，用(yong)于藥物(wu)篩(shai)選(xuan)和生(sheng)物(wu)學研究。天津陰(yin)(yin)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)批(pi)發(fa)

表面活性(xing)劑可(ke)以被用(yong)于(yu)制造紙張、涂料等產品。湖(hu)北兩性(xing)表面活性(xing)劑廠商

生物化(hua)(hua)(hua)學和(he)(he)生物技術中(zhong)的(de)洗(xi)滌劑(ji)(ji)，在溶(rong)液中(zhong)，去污(wu)劑(ji)(ji)通(tong)過解(jie)離聚集體(ti)和(he)(he)展(zhan)開蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)來幫助溶(rong)解(jie)多(duo)種化(hua)(hua)(hua)學物質(zhi)(zhi)。生化(hua)(hua)(hua)實驗室常用(yong)的(de)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)月桂基(ji)(ji)硫酸鈉(SDS)和(he)(he)十六烷(wan)基(ji)(ji)三甲基(ji)(ji)溴化(hua)(hua)(hua)銨(CTAB)。去污(wu)劑(ji)(ji)是(shi)通(tong)過裂解(jie)細胞和(he)(he)組織(zhi)來提取(qu)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)關鍵試劑(ji)(ji)：它們會破壞(huai)膜的(de)脂質(zhi)(zhi)雙層(ceng)（SDS、TritonX-100、X-114、CHAPS、DOC和(he)(he)NP-40）并溶(rong)解(jie)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)。較溫和(he)(he)的(de)去污(wu)劑(ji)(ji)，例(li)如辛基(ji)(ji)硫代葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)苷(gan)(gan)、辛基(ji)(ji)葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)苷(gan)(gan)或十二烷(wan)基(ji)(ji)麥(mai)芽糖(tang)苷(gan)(gan)用(yong)于(yu)溶(rong)解(jie)膜蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，例(li)如酶(mei)和(he)(he)受(shou)體(ti)，而(er)不會使(shi)它們變性(xing)。通(tong)過離心或其他方式收獲未(wei)溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)材料。例(li)如，對于(yu)電泳而(er)言(yan)，蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)常用(yong)SDS處理，以使(shi)天然(ran)的(de)三級和(he)(he)四級結構(gou)變性(xing)，從而(er)根(gen)據蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)分子量分離蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)。湖北(bei)兩性(xing)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)(ji)廠商