表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)（surfactant），是(shi)指(zhi)是(shi)能(neng)使目標溶(rong)液表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張力明顯下降的(de)(de)物質。具有(you)固定的(de)(de)親(qin)水(shui)親(qin)油基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，在溶(rong)液的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)能(neng)定向排列。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)分子(zi)(zi)結(jie)構具有(you)兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：一端為(wei)(wei)親(qin)水(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，另一端為(wei)(wei)疏水(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)；親(qin)水(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)常為(wei)(wei)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，如(ru)(ru)羧酸、磺酸、硫酸、氨基(ji)(ji)或胺(an)基(ji)(ji)及其鹽，羥基(ji)(ji)、酰胺(an)基(ji)(ji)、醚(mi)鍵等也(ye)可作為(wei)(wei)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)親(qin)水(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)；而疏水(shui)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)常為(wei)(wei)非極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)烴(jing)鏈，如(ru)(ru)8個碳(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)以上烴(jing)鏈。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分為(wei)(wei)離子(zi)(zi)型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)（包括陽離子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)與陰(yin)離子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)）、非離子(zi)(zi)型(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、復配表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、其他表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)等。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)還可以用于(yu)制備染料和染料助劑(ji)。天津陽離子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)怎(zen)么樣

表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)在油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)以其特(te)殊的(de)(de)物化性(xing)(xing)(xing)質在油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)上得到普遍的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)在油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)開發(fa)，鉆采，技(ji)術方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)都顯示出優異的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，在增注(zhu)、堵水、防(fang)蠟、破(po)乳(ru)、發(fa)泡、稠油(you)(you)降粘中(zhong)普遍應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，并已取得和(he)(he)好的(de)(de)效果。按照(zhao)油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)化學品(pin)的(de)(de)分(fen)類方法(fa)，根(gen)據用(yong)(yong)途可將油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分(fen)為鉆井用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、油(you)(you)氣(qi)開采用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、提高采收率表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、油(you)(you)氣(qi)集輸用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)和(he)(he)水處理(li)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)。在油(you)(you)氣(qi)開采方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)驅油(you)(you)劑(ji)、堵水劑(ji)、酸化用(yong)(yong)添加劑(ji)、降粘劑(ji)和(he)(he)降凝劑(ji)、油(you)(you)井的(de)(de)清蠟和(he)(he)防(fang)蠟等；在油(you)(you)氣(qi)輸送方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)乳(ru)化原油(you)(you)破(po)乳(ru)劑(ji)和(he)(he)油(you)(you)田(tian)(tian)(tian)水處理(li)劑(ji)。天津陰離子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)批(pi)發(fa)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)可以被用(yong)(yong)于(yu)制造紡織品(pin)、皮革等產(chan)品(pin)。

表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基(ji)團的(de)(de)解離性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質分類：1、陰離子(zi)表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji) ：硬脂酸(suan)(suan)(suan)，十二(er)烷基(ji)苯磺酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉；2、陽離子(zi)表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)：季銨化(hua)物(wu)；3、兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)離子(zi)表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)：卵磷脂，氨基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)型(xing)，甜(tian)菜堿型(xing)；4、非離子(zi)表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)： 脂肪(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甘油酯，脂肪(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)山梨(li)(li)坦（司盤），聚山梨(li)(li)酯（吐溫）。高級(ji)脂肪(fang)醇(chun)(chun)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯類有(you)十二(er)烷基(ji)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉（SDS、月桂(gui)醇(chun)(chun)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉）乳化(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)很強，且較穩(wen)定，較耐酸(suan)(suan)(suan)和鈣、鎂(mei)鹽。在藥劑(ji)(ji)(ji)學上可與一(yi)些(xie)高分子(zi)陽離子(zi)藥物(wu)產生沉淀，對粘膜有(you)一(yi)定刺激性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，用(yong)作外(wai)用(yong)軟膏(gao)的(de)(de)乳化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，也(ye)用(yong)于片劑(ji)(ji)(ji)等固體制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)潤濕或(huo)增溶。

表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)業中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)添加劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)助劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)業中(zhong)有(you)(you)著普(pu)遍(bian)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)業中(zhong)表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、增(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、消泡(pao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)(you)乳(ru)化或(huo)破乳(ru)、潤濕(shi)(shi)或(huo)反(fan)潤濕(shi)(shi)、氣泡(pao)或(huo)消泡(pao)、分(fen)散、增(zeng)溶(rong)、潤滑等一系列作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，并能與脂類、蛋白質、碳(tan)水化合物等食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)成分(fen)發生特(te)殊的(de)(de)相互作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而具有(you)(you)多種功效(xiao)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)增(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)多是(shi)親水性高分(fen)子物質，屬高分(fen)子表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)范疇。因具有(you)(you)膠凝、穩定、增(zeng)稠、保水等作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而普(pu)遍(bian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造果(guo)醬、果(guo)凍、奶凍、蜜餞、軟糖等食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)。表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)除(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、增(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外，還可以(yi)起(qi)分(fen)散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、潤濕(shi)(shi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、起(qi)泡(pao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、消泡(pao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、結晶控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、殺菌以(yi)及延長食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)保鮮期的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等。例(li)如(ru)在制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)糕點和(he)冰淇淋時，添加甘油脂肪酸、蔗糖脂可起(qi)發泡(pao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，有(you)(you)利于大(da)量氣泡(pao)的(de)(de)產生，而在煉乳(ru)和(he)豆制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)，添加甘油脂肪酸脂有(you)(you)消泡(pao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。表面(mian)(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備酒精飲料，例(li)如(ru)啤酒和(he)葡萄酒。

比如，常用的洗滌劑(ji)能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)高水(shui)在土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的滲透能(neng)力(li)，但是效果光持續(xu)數日（許多(duo)標準(zhun)洗衣粉含(han)有一(yi)(yi)定量的化(hua)學品，比如鈉和(he)溴，由于(yu)(yu)它們會(hui)破壞植物(wu)，不適于(yu)(yu)土壤(rang)(rang)）。商業(ye)土壤(rang)(rang)潤(run)濕劑(ji)會(hui)持續(xu)起效果一(yi)(yi)段時間，較終(zhong)還是會(hui)被微生物(wu)降解。然而(er)，有一(yi)(yi)些會(hui)對(dui)水(shui)生物(wu)的生物(wu)循環產生影響，因此(ci)(ci)必須小(xiao)心防止這(zhe)些產品流入地表(biao)(biao)徑流，過(guo)量產品不應(ying)該洗消。形(xing)成膠(jiao)束的化(hua)合物(wu)一(yi)(yi)般為兩親分子，因此(ci)(ci)一(yi)(yi)般膠(jiao)束除(chu)可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)等極(ji)性(xing)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)以外(wai)，還能(neng)以反膠(jiao)束的形(xing)式溶(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)非極(ji)性(xing)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)中(zhong)。吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)性(xing)，溶(rong)(rong)液中(zhong)的正吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)：增加潤(run)濕性(xing)、乳化(hua)性(xing)、起泡性(xing)；固體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面的吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)：非極(ji)性(xing)固體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面單層吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)，極(ji)性(xing)固體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面可(ke)發生多(duo)層吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)。建(jian)筑材料、水(shui)泥等產品中(zhong)也(ye)含(han)有表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)。天津(jin)陽離子表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)怎么樣

表面活(huo)性劑可以用于制備罐頭食(shi)品，例如罐頭魚(yu)和罐頭果(guo)汁。天津陽離(li)子表面活(huo)性劑怎么(me)樣

作(zuo)為污水污泥施用、廢水灌溉和(he)修復過程的(de)(de)結果，可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)土壤中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現陰(yin)離(li)子表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。相對高濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)與多金(jin)屬一起可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)帶來(lai)環境(jing)風(feng)險(xian)。在(zai)低濃(nong)度(du)下，表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)應(ying)用不太可(ke)(ke)能對痕(hen)量金(jin)屬遷移(yi)率產生顯(xian)著影響。在(zai)“深水地平線”漏(lou)油(you)(you)(you)事件中(zhong)(zhong)，空前數(shu)量的(de)(de)Corexit被直(zhi)接噴入泄漏(lou)處和(he)海水表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)海洋(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)。顯(xian)而易見的(de)(de)理論是表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)隔離(li)油(you)(you)(you)滴，使消(xiao)耗石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)微(wei)生物更(geng)容易消(xiao)化油(you)(you)(you)。Corexit中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)成分是二(er)辛基磺基琥珀酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉(na)(DOSS)、山(shan)梨(li)(li)糖醇單(dan)油(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(Span80)和(he)聚(ju)氧乙烯化山(shan)梨(li)(li)糖醇單(dan)油(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(Tween-80)。天津陽(yang)離(li)子表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)怎么樣